Answer 2 of the following (25 points each):
1. Compare and contrast the various approaches to Social Movement Theory. How well does each explain the various eras of political development already discussed in the course?
2. Contrast the emergence of the Republican Party in the 1850s with the Populists in the 1890s. Why were the Republicans successful in becoming a major party whereas the Populists were not?
3. In what sense were Jefferson and Jackson reconstructive Presidents?
4. What explains the limited success of the Populist movement? Was the populist movement ultimately a success or failure?
What were the goals of the Progressive movement? What tensions existed among Progressive reformers?
Thursday, March 19, 2009
Review
Political Opportunity Structure
o The relative “openness” of the government
§ Freedom of speech
§ Freedom of assembly
§ Access to potential resources
§ Organization
Political Opportunity Structure is interchangeable with Socioeconomic Change and Organizational Strength
· Industrialization/Urbanization promotes insurgency indirectly through changing power relationships within society
· UNDERMINES the calculations and assumptions on which the political establishment is structured
· Leads to improved bargaining position for aggrieved population
Indigenous Organizational Strength
· More integrated social networks are in a community, more readily mobilization can occur
· More Solidary incentives
· Mass base insures the presence of leaders
Cognitive Liberation
· Increase the costs for elites to repress the movement
· Group members more likely to respond to insurgents (eg tight labor market, management more responsive)
Social Movements also decline
· Pressure on leaders to maintain organizational strength
· Can leadership view organizational strength as more important than movement goals?
· As goals are reached, pressure on the movement to adjust to the political system.
Jefferson’s legislative achievements
Remade the Defense establishment, while raising the tariff
Passage of 12th Amendment in 1804
Did not submit Secretary of State Monroe’s treaty with the British to the Senate.
Instead, took the policy of a trade embargo.
Hofstadter – “Populism was the first modern political movement of practical importance in the United States to insist that the federal government has some responsibility for the common weal . . . it was the first such movement to attack seriously the problems created by industrialism.”
Populism as agrarian revolt against money power (Outgrowth of Granger movement)
Populism as paranoia and conspiracy
Populist’s Platform:
Free coinage of silver
Income Tax
Expanded currency and credit
Direct election of Senators
Initiative and Referendum
MUGWUMPS AND MUCKRACKERS
CORPORATIONS
Reduce power over legislative process – legislatures full of corruption
Social reforms of negative impact of business – Labor legislation, Health and safety legislation
Railroads and utilities to protect new services
Corporations do some for society, progressives want them to work in public interest
Pendleton Act 1891 – Commission that will recommend rules for civil service exams
1882 Republicans lose House – party competition tightened
Bicameralism important –
By 1900 close to half civil service is merit based
Once a reform is in place it sets out next reform
POLITICAL AND ELECTORAL PROCESSES
If you want good outcomes, you need a better political process
AUSTRALIAN BALLOT
Official, consolidated, secret
Replaced party prepared ballots
LITERACY REQUIREMENTS etc
DIRECT PRIMARY
DIRECT ELECTION OF SENATORS
CANVASS
28 states
CAMPAIGN FINANCE REFORM
NATIONAL PUBLICITY ACTS 1910, 1911
Publicized campaign donations and expenditures
McDonagh (1999) provides a more developed depiction of the tensions between regulatory reform and participatory reform during the progressive era. The author presents policy along two dimensions.
The first dimension is the institutional axis, defined as the use of government towards centralization and increased administration in society.
· workingman’s compensation,
· minimum wage, working day laws,
· women’s hours laws,
· mothers pensions
The second dimension is the participatory axis that increases access to civic participation to previously marginalized groups such as women, racial minorities and immigrants.
o
Prohibition
Women’s Christian Temperance Union (WCTU)
· Women’s sufferage
· Equal pay
· Day care
· Mine safety
Anti-Saloon League (ASL)
· Single issue group
· Grew out of Prohibitionist Party
· Portrayed drinking as source of all social ills (New Puritanism)
· Argued prohibition would lead to lower taxes
· ASL fit the Progressive Era – Interest Group and for Reform oriented
Prohibition Amendment (18th) enforced by Volstead Act
· Set legal limit of alcohol at 0.5%
· "no person shall manufacture, sell, barter, transport, import, export, deliver, or furnish any intoxicating liquor except as authorized by this act".
· Vetoed by Wilson – overriden by Congress
· Allowed for liquor to be produced in the home
o The relative “openness” of the government
§ Freedom of speech
§ Freedom of assembly
§ Access to potential resources
§ Organization
Political Opportunity Structure is interchangeable with Socioeconomic Change and Organizational Strength
· Industrialization/Urbanization promotes insurgency indirectly through changing power relationships within society
· UNDERMINES the calculations and assumptions on which the political establishment is structured
· Leads to improved bargaining position for aggrieved population
Indigenous Organizational Strength
· More integrated social networks are in a community, more readily mobilization can occur
· More Solidary incentives
· Mass base insures the presence of leaders
Cognitive Liberation
· Increase the costs for elites to repress the movement
· Group members more likely to respond to insurgents (eg tight labor market, management more responsive)
Social Movements also decline
· Pressure on leaders to maintain organizational strength
· Can leadership view organizational strength as more important than movement goals?
· As goals are reached, pressure on the movement to adjust to the political system.
Jefferson’s legislative achievements
Remade the Defense establishment, while raising the tariff
Passage of 12th Amendment in 1804
Did not submit Secretary of State Monroe’s treaty with the British to the Senate.
Instead, took the policy of a trade embargo.
Hofstadter – “Populism was the first modern political movement of practical importance in the United States to insist that the federal government has some responsibility for the common weal . . . it was the first such movement to attack seriously the problems created by industrialism.”
Populism as agrarian revolt against money power (Outgrowth of Granger movement)
Populism as paranoia and conspiracy
Populist’s Platform:
Free coinage of silver
Income Tax
Expanded currency and credit
Direct election of Senators
Initiative and Referendum
MUGWUMPS AND MUCKRACKERS
CORPORATIONS
Reduce power over legislative process – legislatures full of corruption
Social reforms of negative impact of business – Labor legislation, Health and safety legislation
Railroads and utilities to protect new services
Corporations do some for society, progressives want them to work in public interest
Pendleton Act 1891 – Commission that will recommend rules for civil service exams
1882 Republicans lose House – party competition tightened
Bicameralism important –
By 1900 close to half civil service is merit based
Once a reform is in place it sets out next reform
POLITICAL AND ELECTORAL PROCESSES
If you want good outcomes, you need a better political process
AUSTRALIAN BALLOT
Official, consolidated, secret
Replaced party prepared ballots
LITERACY REQUIREMENTS etc
DIRECT PRIMARY
DIRECT ELECTION OF SENATORS
CANVASS
28 states
CAMPAIGN FINANCE REFORM
NATIONAL PUBLICITY ACTS 1910, 1911
Publicized campaign donations and expenditures
McDonagh (1999) provides a more developed depiction of the tensions between regulatory reform and participatory reform during the progressive era. The author presents policy along two dimensions.
The first dimension is the institutional axis, defined as the use of government towards centralization and increased administration in society.
· workingman’s compensation,
· minimum wage, working day laws,
· women’s hours laws,
· mothers pensions
The second dimension is the participatory axis that increases access to civic participation to previously marginalized groups such as women, racial minorities and immigrants.
o
Prohibition
Women’s Christian Temperance Union (WCTU)
· Women’s sufferage
· Equal pay
· Day care
· Mine safety
Anti-Saloon League (ASL)
· Single issue group
· Grew out of Prohibitionist Party
· Portrayed drinking as source of all social ills (New Puritanism)
· Argued prohibition would lead to lower taxes
· ASL fit the Progressive Era – Interest Group and for Reform oriented
Prohibition Amendment (18th) enforced by Volstead Act
· Set legal limit of alcohol at 0.5%
· "no person shall manufacture, sell, barter, transport, import, export, deliver, or furnish any intoxicating liquor except as authorized by this act".
· Vetoed by Wilson – overriden by Congress
· Allowed for liquor to be produced in the home
Friday, March 13, 2009
Readings for Monday
A reminder to read the following for Monday:
Eileen L. McDonagh, "The 'Welfare Rights State' and the 'Civil Rights State': Policy Paradox andState Building in the Progressive Era," Studies in American Political Development, 7 (2) (Fall 1993): 225-274. (coursepack)
James Morone, Hellfire Nation, Chs 10, 11. (coursepack) Stephen Skowronek
Eileen L. McDonagh, "The 'Welfare Rights State' and the 'Civil Rights State': Policy Paradox andState Building in the Progressive Era," Studies in American Political Development, 7 (2) (Fall 1993): 225-274. (coursepack)
James Morone, Hellfire Nation, Chs 10, 11. (coursepack) Stephen Skowronek
Friday, March 6, 2009
HOW DID PROGRESSIVES DIFFER FROM POPULISTS?
Unified movement with different types, Northeastern urban, Southern populist, Western progressives
Northeastern Progressives more concerned with Immigrants, concerned about Direct Democracy
WHY WAS THE PROGRESSIVE MOVEMENT CONSIDERED MORE MAINSTREAM?
MUGWUMPS AND MUCKRACKERS
CORPORATIONS
Reduce power over legislative process – legislatures full of corruption
Social reforms of negative impact of business – Labor legislation, Health and safety legislation
Railroads and utilities to protect new services
Corporations do some for society, progressives want them to work in public interest
MACHINES
Jackson – public service should be open to all
Sense that corruption is tied to structure of government, system builds incentive to work for party
Britain 1855 Civil Service Reform
Late 1860s early 1870s Republicans begin to lose control, part of the reason behind Civil Service Reform, make Grant look like a reformer, keep Republican coalition together
1871 Civil Service Commission – first merit exams in 1873, 1874 Congress shuts off funding, Grant removes program 1875
Investigation in Port of New York,
Hayes extends Civil Service Reform by Executive Order
President Arthur – Civil Service Reform use Garfield’s platform to further cause of reform
National Civil Service Reform League – working with Pendleton of Idaho
Pendleton Act 1891 – Commission that will recommend rules for civil service exams
1882 Republicans lose House – party competition tightened
Bicameralism important –
By 1900 close to half civil service is merit based
Once a reform is in place it sets out next reform
Interstate Commerce Commission 1887
Railroad monopolization
State legislatures had previously controlled railroads
Railroads also realize they need reform ,
Role of economists and experts
Sherman Antitrust Act – 1890 to prevent monopoly
See no benefits to machines , anti-immigrent,
Distinguish between responsible wealth and irresponsible wealth
Want business to be managed by a responsible elite
POLITICAL AND ELECTORAL PROCESSES
If you want good outcomes, you need a better political process
AUSTRALIAN BALLOT
Official, consolidated, secret
Replaced party prepared ballots
LITERACY REQUIREMENTS etc
DIRECT PRIMARY
DIRECT ELECTION OF SENATORS
CANVASS
28 states
CAMPAIGN FINANCE REFORM
NATIONAL PUBLICITY ACTS 1910, 1911
Publicized campaign donations and expenditures
Corrupt Practices Acts – state level ban on corporations contributing to campaigns
Banned paying people to vote
DECLINE IN TURNOUT
State controlled elections took excitement away from campaigns
DECLINE OF PARTIES AND RISE OF INTEREST GROUPS
Skocpol – looks at interest group membership historically
Farm Bureau, Association of Manufacterers
RISE OF ADMINISTRATIVE AGENCIES –
Progressives wanted to replace control from legislatures to scientific management
Non-elected officials with specialized training
Losing power of appointment you lose accountability
MORONE –
TENSIONS IN PROGRESSIVE ERA
1) Direct Democracy – initiative, referendum, recall
Tension with administrative agencies
CAN BE RECONCILED WITH AN OBJECTIVE PUBLIC INTEREST, IN CONTRAST TO CORRUPT LEGISLATORS
Unified movement with different types, Northeastern urban, Southern populist, Western progressives
Northeastern Progressives more concerned with Immigrants, concerned about Direct Democracy
WHY WAS THE PROGRESSIVE MOVEMENT CONSIDERED MORE MAINSTREAM?
MUGWUMPS AND MUCKRACKERS
CORPORATIONS
Reduce power over legislative process – legislatures full of corruption
Social reforms of negative impact of business – Labor legislation, Health and safety legislation
Railroads and utilities to protect new services
Corporations do some for society, progressives want them to work in public interest
MACHINES
Jackson – public service should be open to all
Sense that corruption is tied to structure of government, system builds incentive to work for party
Britain 1855 Civil Service Reform
Late 1860s early 1870s Republicans begin to lose control, part of the reason behind Civil Service Reform, make Grant look like a reformer, keep Republican coalition together
1871 Civil Service Commission – first merit exams in 1873, 1874 Congress shuts off funding, Grant removes program 1875
Investigation in Port of New York,
Hayes extends Civil Service Reform by Executive Order
President Arthur – Civil Service Reform use Garfield’s platform to further cause of reform
National Civil Service Reform League – working with Pendleton of Idaho
Pendleton Act 1891 – Commission that will recommend rules for civil service exams
1882 Republicans lose House – party competition tightened
Bicameralism important –
By 1900 close to half civil service is merit based
Once a reform is in place it sets out next reform
Interstate Commerce Commission 1887
Railroad monopolization
State legislatures had previously controlled railroads
Railroads also realize they need reform ,
Role of economists and experts
Sherman Antitrust Act – 1890 to prevent monopoly
See no benefits to machines , anti-immigrent,
Distinguish between responsible wealth and irresponsible wealth
Want business to be managed by a responsible elite
POLITICAL AND ELECTORAL PROCESSES
If you want good outcomes, you need a better political process
AUSTRALIAN BALLOT
Official, consolidated, secret
Replaced party prepared ballots
LITERACY REQUIREMENTS etc
DIRECT PRIMARY
DIRECT ELECTION OF SENATORS
CANVASS
28 states
CAMPAIGN FINANCE REFORM
NATIONAL PUBLICITY ACTS 1910, 1911
Publicized campaign donations and expenditures
Corrupt Practices Acts – state level ban on corporations contributing to campaigns
Banned paying people to vote
DECLINE IN TURNOUT
State controlled elections took excitement away from campaigns
DECLINE OF PARTIES AND RISE OF INTEREST GROUPS
Skocpol – looks at interest group membership historically
Farm Bureau, Association of Manufacterers
RISE OF ADMINISTRATIVE AGENCIES –
Progressives wanted to replace control from legislatures to scientific management
Non-elected officials with specialized training
Losing power of appointment you lose accountability
MORONE –
TENSIONS IN PROGRESSIVE ERA
1) Direct Democracy – initiative, referendum, recall
Tension with administrative agencies
CAN BE RECONCILED WITH AN OBJECTIVE PUBLIC INTEREST, IN CONTRAST TO CORRUPT LEGISLATORS
Sunday, March 1, 2009
Bensel
Industrialization exacerbated sectional differences in the US
The Northeast and Great Lakes states benefited enormously from manufacturing growth and the protective tariff.
Agricultural states in the South and Midwest suffered from deflationary policies.
3 Crucial Economic development policies during the late 19th Century
1) Unregulated Market
(Helped to promote industry)
2) International Gold Standard
(Guaranteed exchange rate stability with foreign currencies)
3) Protective Tariff
(Protected industry from foreign competition. Kept prices artificially higher)
Policies of Free Markets, Gold, and Protectionism kept the Republican coalition in majority status
Hofstadter – “Populism was the first modern political movement of practical importance in the United States to insist that the federal government has some responsibility for the common weal . . . it was the first such movement to attack seriously the problems created by industrialism.”
Populism as agrarian revolt against money power (Outgrowth of Granger movement)
Populism as paranoia and conspiracy
Populist’s Platform:
Free coinage of silver
Income Tax
Expanded currency and credit
Direct election of Senators
Initiative and Referendum
Populist Party a successful 3rd Party movement in 1892
General James Weaver 22 Electoral Votes
3 Governors, several House Members,
Focus on Silver
Populist Party co-opted by William Jennings Bryan and the Democrats in 1896
Populist Party dissolved shortly after members endorsed Bryan
Many Populist reforms were made law in subsequent decades
Farmers began to identify more with industry and employers
Industrialization exacerbated sectional differences in the US
The Northeast and Great Lakes states benefited enormously from manufacturing growth and the protective tariff.
Agricultural states in the South and Midwest suffered from deflationary policies.
3 Crucial Economic development policies during the late 19th Century
1) Unregulated Market
(Helped to promote industry)
2) International Gold Standard
(Guaranteed exchange rate stability with foreign currencies)
3) Protective Tariff
(Protected industry from foreign competition. Kept prices artificially higher)
Policies of Free Markets, Gold, and Protectionism kept the Republican coalition in majority status
Hofstadter – “Populism was the first modern political movement of practical importance in the United States to insist that the federal government has some responsibility for the common weal . . . it was the first such movement to attack seriously the problems created by industrialism.”
Populism as agrarian revolt against money power (Outgrowth of Granger movement)
Populism as paranoia and conspiracy
Populist’s Platform:
Free coinage of silver
Income Tax
Expanded currency and credit
Direct election of Senators
Initiative and Referendum
Populist Party a successful 3rd Party movement in 1892
General James Weaver 22 Electoral Votes
3 Governors, several House Members,
Focus on Silver
Populist Party co-opted by William Jennings Bryan and the Democrats in 1896
Populist Party dissolved shortly after members endorsed Bryan
Many Populist reforms were made law in subsequent decades
Farmers began to identify more with industry and employers
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