Answer 2 of the following (25 points each):
1. Discuss one of Sundquist’s proposals for institutional reform. What difference would these reforms make for the legitimacy and/or effectiveness of government? Would the reforms make things better or worse? You should consider the possible effects of the reforms and discuss whether they would be beneficial, harmful, or neutral.
2. Why did the New Deal programs take the shape they did? Why did Roosevelt and the Congress settle on the particular programs they did? For example, why did Social Security take the particular form it did?”
3. Assess the political process model used by McAdam to explain the successes and failures of the women’s and gay rights movements. Does this model do a good job of explaining the rise and fall of these movements?”
4. What factors facilitated the rise of modern conservatism? What was the role of intellectuals, grassroots actors, and politicians in the development of the conservative movement beginning in the Cold War era?
5. Assess the resource mobilization and political process models as they apply to the Christian Right movement.
Wednesday, April 22, 2009
Review
Political Process Model
cognitive mobilization - stresses the shared sense of grievances among group members. This point also argues that group members have a sense of efficacy that collective action will be effective achieving the group’s goals
The Wagner Act also known as the National Labor Relations Bill - provided the protection of unions against employer interference
American Conservative Union (ACU) and Young Americans for Freedom (YAF)
· emerged as the foundation for conservative organizing, fundraising, and communication
· leveraged financial networks from the Goldwater campaign and also forging alliances among conservative organizations
Free Society Association (FSA)- merged the functions of grassroots organizing and lobbying members of Congress. Their goals were informational, however they also sought to distinguish themselves from more extreme organizations
Americans for Conservative Action (ACA) formed for the purpose of being the conservative counterpart to the liberal Americans for Democratic Action. ACA provided a scorecard for members of Congress consisting of an index of members’ votes on important legislation for conservatives
The American Conservative Union (ACU) –
· establishing a policy think tank,
· a legislative exchange program
· center for journalism to train conservatives for leadership positions within national and state level political institutions
“I would remind you that extremism in the defense of liberty is not vice! And let me remind you that moderation in the pursuit of justice is no virtue!”
Reagan platform –
· tax cuts
· decreased spending
· increased military spending to defeat communism
· elimination specific federal agencies
· privatization of existing social programs
Executive Order 12291 – required agencies to produce a cost-benefit analysis and risk assessment of every regulation (data came from industry)
During the Progressive Era, women’s organizations were able to find allies early on with Prohibition and Labor (ex American Association for Labor Legislation (AALL)
Bowers v Hardwick (1986) upheld sodomy law in Georgia
Overturned in Lawrence v Texas (2003)
lEngel vs Vitale (1962)
–Ruled public school sponsored prayer unconstitutional
–lAbington Township vs Schempp (1963)
–Ruled public school sponsored Bible reading unconstitutional
–lGriswold vs Connecticut (1965)
–Overturned Connecticut law banning contraception
–Eagle Forum (Phillys Schlafly)
–Moral Majority (Jerry Falwell)
–National Conservative Political Action Committee (Terry Dolan)
–Christian Coalition (Pat Robertson)
cognitive mobilization - stresses the shared sense of grievances among group members. This point also argues that group members have a sense of efficacy that collective action will be effective achieving the group’s goals
The Wagner Act also known as the National Labor Relations Bill - provided the protection of unions against employer interference
American Conservative Union (ACU) and Young Americans for Freedom (YAF)
· emerged as the foundation for conservative organizing, fundraising, and communication
· leveraged financial networks from the Goldwater campaign and also forging alliances among conservative organizations
Free Society Association (FSA)- merged the functions of grassroots organizing and lobbying members of Congress. Their goals were informational, however they also sought to distinguish themselves from more extreme organizations
Americans for Conservative Action (ACA) formed for the purpose of being the conservative counterpart to the liberal Americans for Democratic Action. ACA provided a scorecard for members of Congress consisting of an index of members’ votes on important legislation for conservatives
The American Conservative Union (ACU) –
· establishing a policy think tank,
· a legislative exchange program
· center for journalism to train conservatives for leadership positions within national and state level political institutions
“I would remind you that extremism in the defense of liberty is not vice! And let me remind you that moderation in the pursuit of justice is no virtue!”
Reagan platform –
· tax cuts
· decreased spending
· increased military spending to defeat communism
· elimination specific federal agencies
· privatization of existing social programs
Executive Order 12291 – required agencies to produce a cost-benefit analysis and risk assessment of every regulation (data came from industry)
During the Progressive Era, women’s organizations were able to find allies early on with Prohibition and Labor (ex American Association for Labor Legislation (AALL)
Bowers v Hardwick (1986) upheld sodomy law in Georgia
Overturned in Lawrence v Texas (2003)
lEngel vs Vitale (1962)
–Ruled public school sponsored prayer unconstitutional
–lAbington Township vs Schempp (1963)
–Ruled public school sponsored Bible reading unconstitutional
–lGriswold vs Connecticut (1965)
–Overturned Connecticut law banning contraception
–Eagle Forum (Phillys Schlafly)
–Moral Majority (Jerry Falwell)
–National Conservative Political Action Committee (Terry Dolan)
–Christian Coalition (Pat Robertson)
New Deal
The New Deal
Scholars consider the New Deal era to be the most recent transformative period in American political development
Examples for testing some of the prevailing theories of policy development
Why did social policies in the United States develop in a pattern divergent from what occurred in industrialized European nations?
What is a reconstructive Presidency?
What role do policy legacies play in policy innovation?
Pre-New Deal Social Policies
Western nations began to introduce public social provisions in the late 19th century as a response to the economic and social challenges in the transition from an agrarian to an industrial based economy
· workman’s compensation
· labor standards
· health insurance
· insurance against poverty for the elderly.
There are two major arguments in the literature used to explain why a nation adopts social welfare provisions.
The logic of industrialism - as a nation moves from an agrarian to a more industrial economy, it is more likely to adopt social welfare provisions.
National values - a nation’s cultural conditions tend to advance or impede the advancement of social welfare provisions
Helps to explain why pre New Deal programs such as workingmen’s insurance and post New Deal programs like Social Security tended to be contributory in nature.
Another argument –
The relative strength of corporate interests in the US economy compared to the working class. Remember Hartz and Huntington
American Association of Labor Legislation (AALL) - Leaders from labor, industry and the academe who argued for comprehensive social insurance modeled after European state based approaches.
· Most successful in advancing workmen’s compensation at the state level.
· Did not achieve a public health insurance program.
Scholars sattribute some of the failures of social reform during the progressive era to inefficiencies and corruption associated with benefits for Civil War veterans
The pre New Deal era also saw a cooperative position with industry and associations as an effort towards providing more efficient management of the business cycle.
Herbert Hoover’s “associative state” - involves cooperation and planning across a network of associations, business, and government
· accepted that government had a role in facilitating the economic growth of the nation while rejecting increased bureaucracy.
· public works spending
· Manipulation of monetary policy as a corrective economic measure
· Hands off approach towards private enterprise and local administration
New Deal Policy Change
Policy legacies paid a significant role in the debates over social reform during the New Deal.
· Policy debates over labor relations, insurance for the aged, and health insurance engendered similar fears of inefficiency, corruption, patronage, and a sentiment towards an “undeserving poor”
· Emphasis was placed on contributory mechanisms and decentralization during the development of New Deal policies generally, and Social Security more specifically
Pragmatism key to understanding FDR
· Roosevelt was adept at leveraging support from distinct segments from industry in advancing legislative reform.
Tactical alliances formed with farmers, while splitting banking interests. These groups were united around policy demands
Alliance of oil interests, banking, and the AFL
The Federal Reserve Act of 1935 - maintained the separation between commercial and investment banking while also keeping the Federal Board of Governors as supreme over the regional Federal Reserve Banks
The Wagner Act also known as the National Labor Relations Bill - provided the protection of unions against employer interference
FDR faced his biggest obstacles as he attempted to consolidate institutional control.
· National Recovery Administration (NRA)
· Court Packing
· Conservative Coalition in Congress
Skowronek argues that administrative challenges Roosevelt faced are ones that can be observed in subsequent Presidencies.
· The increased power of the state brought on greater institutionalization where independent centers of power lead administrators or members of congress to fiercely defend their turf.
· The President less powerful when attempting to initiate sweeping reforms
Example: when the Supreme Court upheld the Wagner Act, a policy victory for FDR led to an institutional defeat.
Scholars consider the New Deal era to be the most recent transformative period in American political development
Examples for testing some of the prevailing theories of policy development
Why did social policies in the United States develop in a pattern divergent from what occurred in industrialized European nations?
What is a reconstructive Presidency?
What role do policy legacies play in policy innovation?
Pre-New Deal Social Policies
Western nations began to introduce public social provisions in the late 19th century as a response to the economic and social challenges in the transition from an agrarian to an industrial based economy
· workman’s compensation
· labor standards
· health insurance
· insurance against poverty for the elderly.
There are two major arguments in the literature used to explain why a nation adopts social welfare provisions.
The logic of industrialism - as a nation moves from an agrarian to a more industrial economy, it is more likely to adopt social welfare provisions.
National values - a nation’s cultural conditions tend to advance or impede the advancement of social welfare provisions
Helps to explain why pre New Deal programs such as workingmen’s insurance and post New Deal programs like Social Security tended to be contributory in nature.
Another argument –
The relative strength of corporate interests in the US economy compared to the working class. Remember Hartz and Huntington
American Association of Labor Legislation (AALL) - Leaders from labor, industry and the academe who argued for comprehensive social insurance modeled after European state based approaches.
· Most successful in advancing workmen’s compensation at the state level.
· Did not achieve a public health insurance program.
Scholars sattribute some of the failures of social reform during the progressive era to inefficiencies and corruption associated with benefits for Civil War veterans
The pre New Deal era also saw a cooperative position with industry and associations as an effort towards providing more efficient management of the business cycle.
Herbert Hoover’s “associative state” - involves cooperation and planning across a network of associations, business, and government
· accepted that government had a role in facilitating the economic growth of the nation while rejecting increased bureaucracy.
· public works spending
· Manipulation of monetary policy as a corrective economic measure
· Hands off approach towards private enterprise and local administration
New Deal Policy Change
Policy legacies paid a significant role in the debates over social reform during the New Deal.
· Policy debates over labor relations, insurance for the aged, and health insurance engendered similar fears of inefficiency, corruption, patronage, and a sentiment towards an “undeserving poor”
· Emphasis was placed on contributory mechanisms and decentralization during the development of New Deal policies generally, and Social Security more specifically
Pragmatism key to understanding FDR
· Roosevelt was adept at leveraging support from distinct segments from industry in advancing legislative reform.
Tactical alliances formed with farmers, while splitting banking interests. These groups were united around policy demands
Alliance of oil interests, banking, and the AFL
The Federal Reserve Act of 1935 - maintained the separation between commercial and investment banking while also keeping the Federal Board of Governors as supreme over the regional Federal Reserve Banks
The Wagner Act also known as the National Labor Relations Bill - provided the protection of unions against employer interference
FDR faced his biggest obstacles as he attempted to consolidate institutional control.
· National Recovery Administration (NRA)
· Court Packing
· Conservative Coalition in Congress
Skowronek argues that administrative challenges Roosevelt faced are ones that can be observed in subsequent Presidencies.
· The increased power of the state brought on greater institutionalization where independent centers of power lead administrators or members of congress to fiercely defend their turf.
· The President less powerful when attempting to initiate sweeping reforms
Example: when the Supreme Court upheld the Wagner Act, a policy victory for FDR led to an institutional defeat.
Thursday, April 16, 2009
Culture War Part I
Women’s Movement
The women’s movement faced different set of environmental constraints and opportunities than the civil rights movement.
During the Progressive Era, women’s organizations were able to find allies early on with Prohibition and Labor (ex American Association for Labor Legislation (AALL)
- women’s groups were successful during this period when policy requests did not infringe upon the institutionalized male business interests.
- many labor leaders believed that minimum wage and maximum hour laws would reduce the competition that men faced from women in the workforce
- national labor groups such as the American Federation of Labor (AFL) and the (AALL) turned against the women’s movement when facing pressure from business when the push for minimum wage laws began to include the entire workforce (Skopol, 1992: 412- 413).
Geographic dispersion was another disadvantage the women’s movement
- A constitutional amendment’s opponents only need to win in one quarter of the nation’s states to prevail.
- After winning in Congress, women’s groups to compete everywhere in the country for ratification.
- Right wing groups only needed to focus their resources on convincing a small number of conservative and moderate states to support their cause.
cognitive mobilization
Movement organizations must also have a general unity on issues and tactics
· One of the challenges the women’s movement faced early on was a division based on goals and tactics.
· One major point in contention was how to handle the issue of a military draft.
Counter-mobilization
- The ERA’s opponents were effective in leveraging several of the strategic challenges faced by the women’s movement.
- The Supreme Court began to issue rulings with a more expansive view of the fourteenth amendment This had the effect of usurping issues pro ERA groups intended to change.
- Conservative groups used these rulings as a line of reasoning arguing that the courts could not be trusted to interpret this new constitutional amendment
Gay Rights Movement
Limited success at the state and local level.
Unsuccessful at the National level.
Very successful at moving public opinion.
Gay rights was first advanced in larger cities and university towns
Tuesday, April 14, 2009
Civil Rights Movement
Mc Adam uses data to support his theory!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
· Comprehensive analysis of New York Times articles whose main theme focused on the civil rights movement.
· public opinion data among African Americans and Whites on their attitudes about the civil rights issue
· Path models, tend to be more persuasive indicators of causality
political opportunity structure - These are the general social and political constraints and advantages that a group faces when it decides to mobilize.
· Decline of the cotton economy in the South
· Rise of Black Churches, Black Colleges and the NAACP
· Migration of African Americans to the North improved the political opportunity structure for the civil rights movement.
· Northern industry was able to leverage the decline in the cotton economy by providing an incentive to attract African Americans to move north for better manufacturing jobs
· Without restrictive voting laws in northern states, African Americans became a sought after voting bloc.
· African American voters with leverage in local, state, and presidential campaigns (Mc Adam, 1992: 81-82).
· Examples include proactive stances by the Truman and Eisenhower administrations.
cognitive mobilization - stresses the shared sense of grievances among group members. This point also argues that group members have a sense of efficacy that collective action will be effective achieving the group’s goals
· . Without public opinion data available prior to World War II, Mc Adam is unable to examine whether there was a true shift in efficacy among African Americans as the civil rights movement progressed from its earlier
· Efficacy did decline in the period from the 1950s to the late 1960s (Mc
Movement organizations must also have a general unity on issues and tactics
mobilization began primarily through churches, black colleges, and the NAACP
Countermobilization
· This will have an additional effect in reducing the political efficacy of group. Members will notice their opponent’s increased mobilization and its impact on public policy.
· This increases the costs of collective action, therefore undermining the group’s ability to organize
· One can also see how declining levels of success can also undermine group unity, causing division among members in terms of the issues and tactics to advance their goals.
Movement Decline
· The civil rights movement began to decline in the 1960s as smaller groups emerged, pushing for new issues that were perceived as a bigger threat to the political status quo.
· New forms of protest such as the use of violence were advanced by some of the smaller groups.
This led to increased conflict internal to the civil rights movement
· Conservative countermobilization
· Mc Adam points to the use of racial rhetoric by the Republican Party beginning with the Goldwater campaign of 1964
· After Nixon’s election in 1968, conservatives were then able to control how civil rights issues were defined
Mc Adam uses data to support his theory!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
· Comprehensive analysis of New York Times articles whose main theme focused on the civil rights movement.
· public opinion data among African Americans and Whites on their attitudes about the civil rights issue
· Path models, tend to be more persuasive indicators of causality
political opportunity structure - These are the general social and political constraints and advantages that a group faces when it decides to mobilize.
· Decline of the cotton economy in the South
· Rise of Black Churches, Black Colleges and the NAACP
· Migration of African Americans to the North improved the political opportunity structure for the civil rights movement.
· Northern industry was able to leverage the decline in the cotton economy by providing an incentive to attract African Americans to move north for better manufacturing jobs
· Without restrictive voting laws in northern states, African Americans became a sought after voting bloc.
· African American voters with leverage in local, state, and presidential campaigns (Mc Adam, 1992: 81-82).
· Examples include proactive stances by the Truman and Eisenhower administrations.
cognitive mobilization - stresses the shared sense of grievances among group members. This point also argues that group members have a sense of efficacy that collective action will be effective achieving the group’s goals
· . Without public opinion data available prior to World War II, Mc Adam is unable to examine whether there was a true shift in efficacy among African Americans as the civil rights movement progressed from its earlier
· Efficacy did decline in the period from the 1950s to the late 1960s (Mc
Movement organizations must also have a general unity on issues and tactics
mobilization began primarily through churches, black colleges, and the NAACP
Countermobilization
· This will have an additional effect in reducing the political efficacy of group. Members will notice their opponent’s increased mobilization and its impact on public policy.
· This increases the costs of collective action, therefore undermining the group’s ability to organize
· One can also see how declining levels of success can also undermine group unity, causing division among members in terms of the issues and tactics to advance their goals.
Movement Decline
· The civil rights movement began to decline in the 1960s as smaller groups emerged, pushing for new issues that were perceived as a bigger threat to the political status quo.
· New forms of protest such as the use of violence were advanced by some of the smaller groups.
This led to increased conflict internal to the civil rights movement
· Conservative countermobilization
· Mc Adam points to the use of racial rhetoric by the Republican Party beginning with the Goldwater campaign of 1964
· After Nixon’s election in 1968, conservatives were then able to control how civil rights issues were defined
Thursday, March 19, 2009
Essays
Answer 2 of the following (25 points each):
1. Compare and contrast the various approaches to Social Movement Theory. How well does each explain the various eras of political development already discussed in the course?
2. Contrast the emergence of the Republican Party in the 1850s with the Populists in the 1890s. Why were the Republicans successful in becoming a major party whereas the Populists were not?
3. In what sense were Jefferson and Jackson reconstructive Presidents?
4. What explains the limited success of the Populist movement? Was the populist movement ultimately a success or failure?
What were the goals of the Progressive movement? What tensions existed among Progressive reformers?
1. Compare and contrast the various approaches to Social Movement Theory. How well does each explain the various eras of political development already discussed in the course?
2. Contrast the emergence of the Republican Party in the 1850s with the Populists in the 1890s. Why were the Republicans successful in becoming a major party whereas the Populists were not?
3. In what sense were Jefferson and Jackson reconstructive Presidents?
4. What explains the limited success of the Populist movement? Was the populist movement ultimately a success or failure?
What were the goals of the Progressive movement? What tensions existed among Progressive reformers?
Review
Political Opportunity Structure
o The relative “openness” of the government
§ Freedom of speech
§ Freedom of assembly
§ Access to potential resources
§ Organization
Political Opportunity Structure is interchangeable with Socioeconomic Change and Organizational Strength
· Industrialization/Urbanization promotes insurgency indirectly through changing power relationships within society
· UNDERMINES the calculations and assumptions on which the political establishment is structured
· Leads to improved bargaining position for aggrieved population
Indigenous Organizational Strength
· More integrated social networks are in a community, more readily mobilization can occur
· More Solidary incentives
· Mass base insures the presence of leaders
Cognitive Liberation
· Increase the costs for elites to repress the movement
· Group members more likely to respond to insurgents (eg tight labor market, management more responsive)
Social Movements also decline
· Pressure on leaders to maintain organizational strength
· Can leadership view organizational strength as more important than movement goals?
· As goals are reached, pressure on the movement to adjust to the political system.
Jefferson’s legislative achievements
Remade the Defense establishment, while raising the tariff
Passage of 12th Amendment in 1804
Did not submit Secretary of State Monroe’s treaty with the British to the Senate.
Instead, took the policy of a trade embargo.
Hofstadter – “Populism was the first modern political movement of practical importance in the United States to insist that the federal government has some responsibility for the common weal . . . it was the first such movement to attack seriously the problems created by industrialism.”
Populism as agrarian revolt against money power (Outgrowth of Granger movement)
Populism as paranoia and conspiracy
Populist’s Platform:
Free coinage of silver
Income Tax
Expanded currency and credit
Direct election of Senators
Initiative and Referendum
MUGWUMPS AND MUCKRACKERS
CORPORATIONS
Reduce power over legislative process – legislatures full of corruption
Social reforms of negative impact of business – Labor legislation, Health and safety legislation
Railroads and utilities to protect new services
Corporations do some for society, progressives want them to work in public interest
Pendleton Act 1891 – Commission that will recommend rules for civil service exams
1882 Republicans lose House – party competition tightened
Bicameralism important –
By 1900 close to half civil service is merit based
Once a reform is in place it sets out next reform
POLITICAL AND ELECTORAL PROCESSES
If you want good outcomes, you need a better political process
AUSTRALIAN BALLOT
Official, consolidated, secret
Replaced party prepared ballots
LITERACY REQUIREMENTS etc
DIRECT PRIMARY
DIRECT ELECTION OF SENATORS
CANVASS
28 states
CAMPAIGN FINANCE REFORM
NATIONAL PUBLICITY ACTS 1910, 1911
Publicized campaign donations and expenditures
McDonagh (1999) provides a more developed depiction of the tensions between regulatory reform and participatory reform during the progressive era. The author presents policy along two dimensions.
The first dimension is the institutional axis, defined as the use of government towards centralization and increased administration in society.
· workingman’s compensation,
· minimum wage, working day laws,
· women’s hours laws,
· mothers pensions
The second dimension is the participatory axis that increases access to civic participation to previously marginalized groups such as women, racial minorities and immigrants.
o
Prohibition
Women’s Christian Temperance Union (WCTU)
· Women’s sufferage
· Equal pay
· Day care
· Mine safety
Anti-Saloon League (ASL)
· Single issue group
· Grew out of Prohibitionist Party
· Portrayed drinking as source of all social ills (New Puritanism)
· Argued prohibition would lead to lower taxes
· ASL fit the Progressive Era – Interest Group and for Reform oriented
Prohibition Amendment (18th) enforced by Volstead Act
· Set legal limit of alcohol at 0.5%
· "no person shall manufacture, sell, barter, transport, import, export, deliver, or furnish any intoxicating liquor except as authorized by this act".
· Vetoed by Wilson – overriden by Congress
· Allowed for liquor to be produced in the home
o The relative “openness” of the government
§ Freedom of speech
§ Freedom of assembly
§ Access to potential resources
§ Organization
Political Opportunity Structure is interchangeable with Socioeconomic Change and Organizational Strength
· Industrialization/Urbanization promotes insurgency indirectly through changing power relationships within society
· UNDERMINES the calculations and assumptions on which the political establishment is structured
· Leads to improved bargaining position for aggrieved population
Indigenous Organizational Strength
· More integrated social networks are in a community, more readily mobilization can occur
· More Solidary incentives
· Mass base insures the presence of leaders
Cognitive Liberation
· Increase the costs for elites to repress the movement
· Group members more likely to respond to insurgents (eg tight labor market, management more responsive)
Social Movements also decline
· Pressure on leaders to maintain organizational strength
· Can leadership view organizational strength as more important than movement goals?
· As goals are reached, pressure on the movement to adjust to the political system.
Jefferson’s legislative achievements
Remade the Defense establishment, while raising the tariff
Passage of 12th Amendment in 1804
Did not submit Secretary of State Monroe’s treaty with the British to the Senate.
Instead, took the policy of a trade embargo.
Hofstadter – “Populism was the first modern political movement of practical importance in the United States to insist that the federal government has some responsibility for the common weal . . . it was the first such movement to attack seriously the problems created by industrialism.”
Populism as agrarian revolt against money power (Outgrowth of Granger movement)
Populism as paranoia and conspiracy
Populist’s Platform:
Free coinage of silver
Income Tax
Expanded currency and credit
Direct election of Senators
Initiative and Referendum
MUGWUMPS AND MUCKRACKERS
CORPORATIONS
Reduce power over legislative process – legislatures full of corruption
Social reforms of negative impact of business – Labor legislation, Health and safety legislation
Railroads and utilities to protect new services
Corporations do some for society, progressives want them to work in public interest
Pendleton Act 1891 – Commission that will recommend rules for civil service exams
1882 Republicans lose House – party competition tightened
Bicameralism important –
By 1900 close to half civil service is merit based
Once a reform is in place it sets out next reform
POLITICAL AND ELECTORAL PROCESSES
If you want good outcomes, you need a better political process
AUSTRALIAN BALLOT
Official, consolidated, secret
Replaced party prepared ballots
LITERACY REQUIREMENTS etc
DIRECT PRIMARY
DIRECT ELECTION OF SENATORS
CANVASS
28 states
CAMPAIGN FINANCE REFORM
NATIONAL PUBLICITY ACTS 1910, 1911
Publicized campaign donations and expenditures
McDonagh (1999) provides a more developed depiction of the tensions between regulatory reform and participatory reform during the progressive era. The author presents policy along two dimensions.
The first dimension is the institutional axis, defined as the use of government towards centralization and increased administration in society.
· workingman’s compensation,
· minimum wage, working day laws,
· women’s hours laws,
· mothers pensions
The second dimension is the participatory axis that increases access to civic participation to previously marginalized groups such as women, racial minorities and immigrants.
o
Prohibition
Women’s Christian Temperance Union (WCTU)
· Women’s sufferage
· Equal pay
· Day care
· Mine safety
Anti-Saloon League (ASL)
· Single issue group
· Grew out of Prohibitionist Party
· Portrayed drinking as source of all social ills (New Puritanism)
· Argued prohibition would lead to lower taxes
· ASL fit the Progressive Era – Interest Group and for Reform oriented
Prohibition Amendment (18th) enforced by Volstead Act
· Set legal limit of alcohol at 0.5%
· "no person shall manufacture, sell, barter, transport, import, export, deliver, or furnish any intoxicating liquor except as authorized by this act".
· Vetoed by Wilson – overriden by Congress
· Allowed for liquor to be produced in the home
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